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Two professors at the University of Pennsylvania have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on developing COVID-19 vaccines.

The discoveries by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman “were critical for developing effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 during the pandemic that began in early 2020,” the panel that awards the prizes said Monday. “Through their groundbreaking findings, which have fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system, the laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times.”

Karikó is a professor at Szeged University, in Hungary, and an adjunct professor at Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine. Weissman is the Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research and director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovations.